JCA No. 80- The Broads
Overall comments (note 1)
The Broads includes the nationally designated landscape of this name and its setting. There may be possibilities for planting of biomass crops on the valley sides where this will not become dominant, but rather would add variety. However, the valley floors and their important wetland landscapes should be avoided.
| Generic landscape characteristics (note 2) | Key landscape characteristics (note 3) | Potential effects (PA, N, PB) (note 4) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| SRC | Miscanthus | ||
| Topography (note 5) | Valley floors and lower valley sides of the Yare, Bure, Ant, Waveney and some tributaries. Narrow in their upper reaches they broaden markedly downstream as they join at Breydon Water and include a length of low coast. Parts of the Broads are at or below sea level. |
PA – though physically possible, planting would introduce incongruous elements and additional enclosure on the valley floors. N – possible opportunities on valley sides |
PA – though physically possible, planting would introduce incongruous elements and additional enclosure on the valley floors. N – possible opportunities on valley sides |
| Woodland (note 6) | In the upper reaches, deciduous wet woodland on the valley floors, often natural succession from reedbeds and fens. Scattered woodland and copses on the valley sides. Roads often lined by willow pollards. |
PA – would introduce intrusive element in lower valley floors and additional enclosure of higher reaches |
PA – would introduce intrusive element in lower valley floors and additional enclosure of higher reaches N – valley sides offer some possibilities |
| Boundary features (note 7) | Mostly water filled dykes in the lower reaches, the valley bottom edge often defined by a hedge. Some hedges in the higher reaches and on the valley sides. River walls in lower reaches significant. |
PA – avoid obscuring or altering these features |
PA – avoid obscuring or altering these features |
| Agriculture (note 8) | Primarily grazing on the valley floors, with some arable conversions of 1970/80s. Primarily arable on the valley sides |
PA – would significantly alter character of valley floors. |
PA – would significantly alter character of valley floors. |
| Settlement and development (note 9) | Few buildings on valley floors, apart from tourist villages of the northern rivers and occasional isolated farms and drainage structures. Other villages and market towns generally on valley sides |
N/PB – whilst most smaller settlements are well integrated into the landscape some recent development of the larger settlements could benefit |
N/PB – whilst most smaller settlements are well integrated into the landscape some recent development of the larger settlements could benefit |
| Semi-natural habitats (note 10) | Most of the low land is semi natural habitat: a mix of grazing marshes and low-lying wetland: an intricate mix of broads, waterways, reed swamp, fen and carr woodland. Much is of the highest nature conservation quality. |
PA – avoid these areas |
PA – avoid these areas |
| Historic features (note 11) | Windpumps, staithes, churches |
PA – avoid detracting from these features |
PA – avoid detracting from these features |
| Rivers and coasts (note 12) | Rivers are fundamental to this landscape. Sandy beaches of the coast separated from the Broads by sand dunes. |
PA – avoid detracting from these features and their openness |
PA – avoid detracting from these features and their openness |
| Views and inter-visibity (note 13) | Extensive views from within and from valley sides over large-scale landscapes of reedbeds or grazing marshes, and, elsewhere, views of a small-scale arable/pastoral scene, screened by fen woodland in middle reaches of the rivers. |
PA – avoid closing up traditional extensiveness of views and dominating the smaller scale upper reaches |
PA – avoid closing up traditional extensiveness of views and dominating the smaller scale upper reaches |
The information contained in the above table and accompanying footnotes has been produced by Natural England, on behalf of Defra, to assess opportunities and optimum sitings of energy crops
1. Overall comments
This section summarises the key characteristics of the JCA and the potential impacts and issues concerned with energy crop planting. It aims to provide an overall indication of the suitability for biomass crop establishment. In JCAs where the physical characteristics are so extreme that it is unlikely that land managers will want to plant biomass crops this is generally noted.
2. Generic landscape characteristics
The headings are based on those used in Natural England’s Countryside Quality Counts (CQC) project, with the addition of ‘topography’ and ‘views and inter-visibility’. They provide a way of breaking down the physical and visual qualities that help to make up the landscape. The potential impacts of energy crops have been assessed against this common framework.
3. Key landscape characteristics
This section aims to highlight for each of the generic categories, the specific landscape features and characteristics within each JCA that may be relevant to the growing of energy crops
4. Potential effects
This section summarises the main potential effects of SRC and miscanthus on each of the key landscape characteristics and features. In making the assessment we considered both the presence or absence of crops, and the the effects of scale and pattern in the landscape. Where the impacts are likely to differ between SRC and miscanthus this has been noted. Although it is very difficult to estimate impacts at such a general level we have attempted to assess whether the landscape impact could be beneficial, neutral or adverse, as follows:
- PB - Potentially beneficial
- N - Neutral
- PA - Potentially adverse
5. Topography
Topography, or landform, is often one of the main influences on landscape character, particularly in hilly or upland areas. We have summarised the overall topography of each area, together with an explanation of any specific or exceptional areas or major landform types. Topography will influence how obtrusive energy crops might be in some areas, or how they might fit in well in others.
6. Woodland
This covers all types of woodland, from ancient and semi-natural woodlands to commercial plantations, and includes broadleaved, conifer and mixed woodlands. As well as woodland type, we are interested in the pattern and scale of woodlands and how woodland cover varies across the JCA. In some areas there are close associations between specific types of woodland and particular landforms. Issues of concern include how biomass crops might contribute to or impact on local patterns of woodland cover, and what layouts or scale might be appropriate.
7. Boundary features
These include all forms of traditional boundaries, including hedgerows, stone walls and ditches. We are also interested in field patterns, particularly where these are of historic importance or are distinctive to the area. Issues considered included whether the establishment, growth or harvesting of energy crops could have an impact on traditional and valuable boundaries, either through direct damage (eg to allow access for farm machinery) or by obscuring or affecting the integrity of existing field patterns.
8. Agriculture
Agriculture includes arable, pasture (livestock), horticulture and mixed farming. In areas that are already intensively cropped, energy crops are likely to be less of an issue, and the impacts could be beneficial or neutral depending on scale. Adverse impacts are more likely in pastoral areas, particularly in low intensity, unimproved grassland areas. In areas where there is an existing underlying trend from grass to arable, the assessment has taken account of any existing landscape and land management priorities that may exist.
9. Settlement and development.
This covers population centres, roads, other infrastructure and mineral workings. In most cases energy crops are unlikely to have a significant impacts. However, in some cases there may be issues concerning the scale or pattern of planting where this would impact on the character of the local road network, or significantly affect the setting of towns or villages.
10. Semi-natural habitats
In this section we are concerned with the presence or absence, scale, and pattern of semi-natural habitats, other than woodland which is covered under 6. In general, many impacts will only be apparent at the detailed site level, which is outside the scope of this exercise. We have only commented where it is likely that biomass crops would impact on semi-natural habitats that are an integral part of the landscape.
11. Historic features.
Historic features refer not just to visible monuments and remains, but also historic areas such as parks and battlefields. As well as the presence or absence of features, we are interested in their density and pattern of distribution, and whether they are above or below ground. Specific, extensive archaeological or historic landscapes are noted. Issues considered included whether planting would obscure or damage historic sites, or whether it would affect the setting or integrity of a historic site. It is important to note that historic remains are extremely widespread and many have not been fully recorded. At this scale we have only referred to obvious sites and concentrations of sites. More detailed site assessment will normally be necessary.
12. Rivers and coasts
Water plays a key role in determining landform and defining landscape character. Issues of concern include whether energy crops could obscure watercourses or disrupt drainage patterns, and any hydrological and coastal management issues.
13. Views and inter-visibility
In some JCAs, views in, out or across an area are a key characteristic of the landscape. These may be broad, sweeping views or local, intimate ones. A key concern will be whether biomass crops would obscure or otherwise have an impact on the nature of these views.
Page last modified:
15 March, 2007
Page published: 10 December, 2002