JCA No. 79- North East Norfolk and Flegg
Overall comments (note 1)
This is a low plateau divided into ‘islands’ by the Broads rivers, edged by the coastal cliffs. The coastal areas are often very open and windswept, and the more inland areas have become more open in recent decades by field amalgamation. There may be opportunities to introduce biomass crops which could help to restore some of the enclosure that has been lost, but this should have regard to the impact on the valley sides of the Broads, and hence the Broads, and to the traditional open character of the coast.
| Generic landscape characteristics (note 2) | Key landscape characteristics (note 3) | Potential effects (PA, N, PB) (note 4) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| SRC | Miscanthus | ||
| Topography (note 5) | Low plateau of limited topographical variety slopes gently towards the sea and is divided by Broadland river valleys |
N – coastal areas may be harsh, but likely to be opportunities for planting |
N – coastal areas may be harsh, but likely to be opportunities for planting |
| Woodland (note 6) | Blocks of woodland and copses lend an intricate, enclosed character to the mix of pasture and arable land on the Broads margins, contrasting with the scarcity of woodland elsewhere. |
N/PB – planting would introduce additional enclosure to replace some that has been lost in inland areas |
N/PB – planting would introduce additional enclosure to replace some that has been lost in inland areas |
| Boundary features (note 7) | Small to medium-scale fields with high hedges and prominent hedgerow trees inland. Much bleaker and more open towards coast, with many stag-headed oaks and soil banks rather than hedges. |
PA – avoid obscuring significant hedgerow patterns PB – may help to replace some of the enclosure that has been lost |
PA – avoid obscuring significant hedgerow patterns PB – may help to replace some of the enclosure that has been lost, if seasonally |
| Agriculture (note 8) | Primarily arable |
N – would add variety |
N – would add variety |
| Settlement and development (note 9) | Small nucleated and dispersed villages, isolated farmsteads and only one market town. Tourist centres of Great Yarmouth, Caistor and Hemsby spread along coast, with bungalows now fringing many coastal villages. Enlarged commuter villages around Norwich |
PB – some of the larger settlements may benefit from screening effect of planting |
PB – some of the larger settlements may benefit from screening effect of planting, if seasonally |
| Semi-natural habitats (note 10) | Small heaths and fens |
PA – avoid these areas |
PA – avoid these areas |
| Historic features (note 11) | Splendid flint churches, often isolated and very prominent in the open landscape. |
PA – avoid enclosing these features |
PA – avoid enclosing these features |
| Rivers and coasts (note 12) | Dune sands fringe some of the coast. Significant glacial till cliffs continue to erode rapidly. Coast protection structures are prominent in several places |
N – unlikely to affect coast as impractical to plant here |
N – unlikely to affect coast as impractical to plant here |
Rivers dividing this area are part of the Broads and considered in that description |
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| Views and inter-visibity (note 13) | Sea wall and dune coastal defence systems block views of the sea |
N – unlikely to affect views from or to coast |
N – unlikely to affect views from or to coast |
Extensive views in parts of the area result from field amalgamation, but areas near the coast have always been open |
PB – biomass may help to reintroduce some framing of views that has been lost |
PB – biomass may help to reintroduce some framing of views that has been lost, if seasonally |
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The information contained in the above table and accompanying footnotes has been produced by Natural England, on behalf of Defra, to assess opportunities and optimum sitings of energy crops
1. Overall comments
This section summarises the key characteristics of the JCA and the potential impacts and issues concerned with energy crop planting. It aims to provide an overall indication of the suitability for biomass crop establishment. In JCAs where the physical characteristics are so extreme that it is unlikely that land managers will want to plant biomass crops this is generally noted.
2. Generic landscape characteristics
The headings are based on those used in Natural England’s Countryside Quality Counts (CQC) project, with the addition of ‘topography’ and ‘views and inter-visibility’. They provide a way of breaking down the physical and visual qualities that help to make up the landscape. The potential impacts of energy crops have been assessed against this common framework.
3. Key landscape characteristics
This section aims to highlight for each of the generic categories, the specific landscape features and characteristics within each JCA that may be relevant to the growing of energy crops
4. Potential effects
This section summarises the main potential effects of SRC and miscanthus on each of the key landscape characteristics and features. In making the assessment we considered both the presence or absence of crops, and the the effects of scale and pattern in the landscape. Where the impacts are likely to differ between SRC and miscanthus this has been noted. Although it is very difficult to estimate impacts at such a general level we have attempted to assess whether the landscape impact could be beneficial, neutral or adverse, as follows:
- PB - Potentially beneficial
- N - Neutral
- PA - Potentially adverse
5. Topography
Topography, or landform, is often one of the main influences on landscape character, particularly in hilly or upland areas. We have summarised the overall topography of each area, together with an explanation of any specific or exceptional areas or major landform types. Topography will influence how obtrusive energy crops might be in some areas, or how they might fit in well in others.
6. Woodland
This covers all types of woodland, from ancient and semi-natural woodlands to commercial plantations, and includes broadleaved, conifer and mixed woodlands. As well as woodland type, we are interested in the pattern and scale of woodlands and how woodland cover varies across the JCA. In some areas there are close associations between specific types of woodland and particular landforms. Issues of concern include how biomass crops might contribute to or impact on local patterns of woodland cover, and what layouts or scale might be appropriate.
7. Boundary features
These include all forms of traditional boundaries, including hedgerows, stone walls and ditches. We are also interested in field patterns, particularly where these are of historic importance or are distinctive to the area. Issues considered included whether the establishment, growth or harvesting of energy crops could have an impact on traditional and valuable boundaries, either through direct damage (eg to allow access for farm machinery) or by obscuring or affecting the integrity of existing field patterns.
8. Agriculture
Agriculture includes arable, pasture (livestock), horticulture and mixed farming. In areas that are already intensively cropped, energy crops are likely to be less of an issue, and the impacts could be beneficial or neutral depending on scale. Adverse impacts are more likely in pastoral areas, particularly in low intensity, unimproved grassland areas. In areas where there is an existing underlying trend from grass to arable, the assessment has taken account of any existing landscape and land management priorities that may exist.
9. Settlement and development.
This covers population centres, roads, other infrastructure and mineral workings. In most cases energy crops are unlikely to have a significant impacts. However, in some cases there may be issues concerning the scale or pattern of planting where this would impact on the character of the local road network, or significantly affect the setting of towns or villages.
10. Semi-natural habitats
In this section we are concerned with the presence or absence, scale, and pattern of semi-natural habitats, other than woodland which is covered under 6. In general, many impacts will only be apparent at the detailed site level, which is outside the scope of this exercise. We have only commented where it is likely that biomass crops would impact on semi-natural habitats that are an integral part of the landscape.
11. Historic features.
Historic features refer not just to visible monuments and remains, but also historic areas such as parks and battlefields. As well as the presence or absence of features, we are interested in their density and pattern of distribution, and whether they are above or below ground. Specific, extensive archaeological or historic landscapes are noted. Issues considered included whether planting would obscure or damage historic sites, or whether it would affect the setting or integrity of a historic site. It is important to note that historic remains are extremely widespread and many have not been fully recorded. At this scale we have only referred to obvious sites and concentrations of sites. More detailed site assessment will normally be necessary.
12. Rivers and coasts
Water plays a key role in determining landform and defining landscape character. Issues of concern include whether energy crops could obscure watercourses or disrupt drainage patterns, and any hydrological and coastal management issues.
13. Views and inter-visibility
In some JCAs, views in, out or across an area are a key characteristic of the landscape. These may be broad, sweeping views or local, intimate ones. A key concern will be whether biomass crops would obscure or otherwise have an impact on the nature of these views.
Page last modified: 11 May 2007
Page published: 11 May 2007