Sustainable Development Education Panel
Review of Sustainable Development Education Initiatives in the Workplace
Skills Building
These schemes focus on building the skills of key individuals within an organisation to manage environmental issues. This category is particularly successful in targeting the hard-to-reach, but crucial, small and medium sized business sector.
Staff training
Name of organisationBritish Airways
Contact details:
Victoria Newton
Tel: 0181 738 5813
Number of people involved:
Over 1000 staff and 250 managers have received training
Target audience:
Staff
Brief Description:
Staff training and awareness-raising are elements in the company's environment policy. Activities to date include:
- Aviation and the Environment This is a booklet published in 1996 that gives an overview of the principal environmental issues facing aviation. This booklet was aimed primarily at BA staff
- The human resources department has adopted a duty of care key performance indicator for all managers.
- Over 300 Environmental Champions provide a network for communication on environmental issues.
- A quarterly publication, Environmental Newsletter, informs staff about environmental issues.
- The company makes annual Awards for Excellence for outstanding environmental achievement.
Reasons for project:
Training and awareness-raising was introduced as a key element in delivering
British Airway's environmental policy.
Results:
- Over 1,000 operational staff and 250 managers received environmental training in 1997-98
- All engineering operational managers will have attended a 1-day environment course by mid-99
- All engineering staff will have attended an environmental awareness course by end-99
Additional Information:
British Airways Holidays' brochures provide environmental information
about some destinations which helps to educate consumers.
Bradford Business and Environment Support Team
Name of organisation:
Bradford Metropolitan District Council
Contact details:
Mark Shayler
Business and Environment Support Team
Bradford Metropolitan District Council
Number of people involved:
Over 70 small businesses (out of c.10,000) receive practical advice each
year.
250 firms received information on environmental management.
40-50 delegates attend monthly Business and Environment Forum meetings.
A newsletter reaches other small businesses in the area.
Target audience:
SMEs in Bradford District
Brief Description:
Bradford BEST provides three forms of assistance to the SME sector:
1. free environmental information helpline
2. free practical on-site assistance
3. access to three local waste minimisation clubs and projects throughout
the city region.
Training is also being provided to make environmental regulators in the region (notably the Environment Agency) aware of the benefits for businesses of environmental action.
Reasons for project:
City of Bradford Metropolitan District Council established BEST in December
1994 as the need for action in the SME sector had been identified by the
local Business and Environment Forum and by the Council's business advisors.
Results:
Over 70 small businesses (out of c.10,000) receive practical advice each
year 250 firms received information on environmental management. 40-50
delegates attend monthly Business and Environment Forum meetings. Business
and Environment News is mailed out three times a year. In addition, BEST
has worked with a number of organisations to produce an environmental
training package for use within the national network of Business Links.
Of the three waste minimisation projects which have been set up, one has had only a poor take up (only eight SMEs are participating) whilst another, operating in Keighley, has been unexpectedly successful with over thirty firms actively participating.
Perhaps the most significant unforeseen outcome of the initiative has been the level of interest shown by organisations across the UK keen to replicate.
Quantifiable performance targets have been set both by BEST and the Regional Government Office as a stipulation of funding. Success is also measured by the level of satisfaction expressed by using the service.
There were some initial problems in getting the Business Club going. These were overcome by focusing on specific issues, moving meetings to lunchtime periods and providing advice and other services for free.
Business and Environment Programme
Name of organisation:
The Centre for Industry, University of Cambridge
Contact details:
Polly Curtis, Claire Hunt
tel: 01223 332772
Number of people:
Several hundred Chief Executive Officers since 1994
Target audience:
The Programme is targeted at Chief Executive Officers (CEOs) from all
over Europe. Participants are drawn from companies of all sizes. The UK
programme is open to senior figures from government and NGOs. A maximum
of 42 participants take part in each seminar.
Brief Description:
The Business and Environment Programme attempts to make CEOs aware of
environmental issues and give them an incentive to take action on the
issue within their own company. The Programme holds two 5-day seminars
each year, one each in April and September. The April seminar is aimed
at UK-based CEOs and held in Cambridge. The September seminar is for companies
based anywhere in Europe and is held in Salzburg. The programme consists
of plenary sessions, workshops and syndicate groups and aims to foster
heated discussion.
The Programme also organises alumni events to encourage those who have been on the programme to learn from each other. This is also achieved through site visits, where alumni visit each other's companies. There is also a newsletter to encourage alumni to share experiences.
Reasons for project:
The Programme was an initiative of HRH The Prince of Wales to encourage
senior figures in business to take action on environmental issues. The
UK programme began in 1994 with the European programme following in 1997.
Results:
With 80 or so participants each year the programme has reached a wide
cross-section of European CEOs. Follow-up activities for alumni encourage
those who have taken part to continue to make action on environmental
issues part of their business activities.
Millennium Taskforce
Name of organisation:
Britannia Hotel, London
Contact details:
Personnel Department, 0171 629 9400
Number of people involved:
20 - one person from each department
Target audience:
Hotel employees
Brief Description:
Monthly meetings are held where Taskforce members are given information
to disperse, or tasks to carry out in their departments.
Reasons for project:
This project was the result of personal inspiration from the Executive
Housekeeper, with support through Britannia Hotel's participation in Westminster's
Considerate Hoteliers Scheme.
Most of the members of the Taskforce volunteered.
Results:
The Taskforce is an effective way of raising awareness on green issues,
as each member acts as a conduit and translator of the information to
their department.
The Taskforce is able to deal with green issues in manageable amounts,
month by month. For example, they focused on reducing energy consumption
one month, and increasing recycling of waste another.
The Taskforce has helped raise awareness within the hotel, but the momentum has been lost since the champion of the Taskforce left the hotel.
Members of the Taskforce often find that their normal duties are more urgent than attending the Taskforce, which can frustrate the team.
The Office Toolkit
Name of organisation:
Building Research Establishment (BRE)
Contact details:
Susheel Rao
(01923) 664565
Number of people involved:
788 office toolkits have been sold between 1995-1998.
Target audience:
Small offices with no dedicated environmental personnel
Brief Description:
The Office Tool kit focuses on helping offices to reduce their environmental
impacts.
They look at:
Energy usage - electricity, gas and oil for heating, lighting and office
equipment
Use of resources - water, paper, printing inks
Wastes - paper, plastics, metal cans, etc
Travel - commuting and business
Internal impacts - air quality, work environment, computer emissions
Local impacts - visual, noise and traffic
The toolkit recommends a basic approach:
1. Initial commitment
2. Initial review
3. Identify initial actions
4. Determine targets
5. Develop action plan
6. Gain momentum
7. Implement actions
Different environmental impacts are assessed against each other using a points system to identify which areas need the most attention.
Reasons for project:
To help businesses with less high profile environmental problems to also
improve their environmental impacts. The tool kit was also designed so
that it would help companies work towards recognised standards and management
systems such as ISO 14001 and BS 7750.
Results:
BRE claim that the toolkit will help companies to see initial benefits
of up to 20% on the areas that have been designated as highest priority
and then 5-10% each following year. It has been seen as a very successful
initiative.
Additional Information:
The tool kit is also being modified for use in schools.
BRE also have several additional tools to help businesses assess environmental issues:
- BREEAM (BRE Environmental Assessment Method). This tool assesses the environmental performance. It measures a building's environmental quality and provides a powerful marketing and auditing tool for developers, designers, landlords, occupants and managers.
- Environmental Standard Award. This recognises good design practise that minimises effects on the global and local environment.
- Lifecycle assessment techniques for materials. Information provision on environmental impacts of materials and components.
- Centre for Sustainable Construction. The centre provides access to the whole of BRE's expertise on environmental issues and management.
Environment Adviser
Name of organisation:
Business Link
Number of people involved:
Business Link is a national initiative with over 300 centres around the
country
Contact details:
Cathy Bobbitt
Business Link (London City Partners)
Tel: 0171 324 2700
Cathy is the Environmental Adviser for the Business Link covering the
City of London and surrounding area. Her counterparts elsewhere in the
country can be contacted through local Business Link offices.
Target audience:
Small and medium-sized businesses (up to 200 employees)
Brief Description:
Business Link is a nation-wide programme that offers advice on a range
of issues to small and medium-sized companies. One of the core services
provided is advice and assistance on environmental issues, to which end,
Business Link centres have environmental advisers to help companies become
aware of environmental issues and take appropriate action to reduce both
their costs and their environmental impact.
Reasons for project:
Environmental advice was included in Business Link's core service provision
about 2 years ago. This was in response to both increasing regulatory
requirements and the weight of enquiries from companies
Results:
The London City centre worked with a printing company to change the inks
used to save money and to reduce the environmental impact of the business.
Environmental Consultancy
Name of organisation:
Conservation Communication
Contact details:
Emma Prentice
01334 839 551
Target audience:
Businesses particularly in the paper industry
Brief Description:
Conservation Communication (CC) work with companies, particularly in the
paper industry, but also within IT and telecommunications. CC help companies
to understand the commercial value of environmental activities by facilitating
contact between suppliers and the customers. CC work with the marketing,
sales and environmental departments of the company. The first stage of
CC's work is to prove that environmental issues are a concern of the customer
and therefore make commercial sense for a company. This is done through
workshops that bring together suppliers and customers. The second area
of work is on product redesign to integrate environmental issues.
Reasons for project:
To integrate environmental activities into the commercial strategy of
businesses.
Results:
CC have shown companies that their commercial customers are interested
in environmental issues, but that these customers feel that they have
not been given enough information to fully understand the impacts of different
products.
Once the importance of environmental issues has been proven, CC have begun helping their clients redesign their products. Initially this has been highlighting existing information about products for customers, but as the dialogue between companies and their customers have grown, products themselves will be redesigned to integrate further environmental concerns of the customer.
Additional Information:
Clients include Nortel, Cable and Wireless, Tetrapak
Eco-Cal
Name of organisation
Going for Green
Contact details:
Stuart Pritchard
Tel: 01942 612621
Number of people involved:
At least 200,000
Target audience:
The public
Brief Description:
EcoCal is a scoring method for households to measure their environmental
impacts. Users answer questions covering all aspects of their lifestyle,
including transport, water and energy use. Users get a score, as well
as hints and tips for action to improve their environmental efficiency.
A network version of EcoCal is available for use on the internal networks of local authorities and businesses to inform and raise awareness amongst staff of environmental issues. The programme is on the internal networks of organisations including DETR, BP and PowerGen.
Reasons for project:
EcoCal was launched in October 1997 to raise awareness of simple actions
that members of the public could take to help look after the environment.
Results:
Some examples of EcoCal's use include:
- Cheltenham Borough Council: The council has produced a starter kit to enable local businesses to examine the environmental impacts of their activities. Alongside information sheets on environmental issues and specific local contacts, the pack contains a copy of EcoCal to enable businesses to raise awareness amongst their staff. 75 packs have been distributed so far
- The London Borough of Bromley: The Bromley Environmental Education Pack aims to raise awareness of local environmental issues amongst primary school teachers in the area. Copies of EcoCal were included in the pack and distributed to every primary school in the area
Since its launch, 200,000 copies of EcoCal have been distributed to households, local authorities, Local Agenda 21 Officers and organisations throughout the UK.
Users of EcoCal are encouraged to send feedback forms to Going for Green. This enables Going For Green to build up a database of the impacts of modern lifestyles on the environment.
Additional Information:
Information sheets are available, providing more information on sustainable
communities projects, ecological foot-printing and household waste prevention.
Company using Ecocal: Electrolux
Electrolux
Contact details:
Stuart Pritchard
Tel. 01942 612621
Target audience:
Electrolux staff
Brief Description:
Electrolux's cooker manufacturing plant in Spennymoor, County Durham,
was approached by its local council, Sedgefield Borough, to trial the
Green Code and EcoCal initiatives at their factory.
15 members of staff volunteered to take part in the initiative. They meet monthly, each meeting discussing a different aspect of the Green Code. They then work to identify actions that they can take at home and at work to implement the Code. They also encourage colleagues to take actions to lessen their environmental impacts.
Reasons for project:
Electrolux wanted a process to educate staff in environmental issues relevant
at home and at work.
Results:
- Electrolux staff have worked with a local school, West Cornforth Primary School to develop and implement an environmental programme
- As a result of the initiative, the manufacture of each cooker produces less waste material: down from 4kg/ cooker in 1995 to 1.3kg/ cooker in 1998
Training courses: Environmental Diploma / Managing the Environment
Name of organisation
Engineering Employers Federation (EEF)
Contact details:
Paul Reeves or Helen Woolston (Environmental Advisor)
Target audience:
Environmental managers / HSE managers/ other managers and supervisors
Brief Description:
A pioneering 2 week course in environmental management run in association
with the Institute of Environmental Managers. The course was started in
1997 and covers policy and legislation, through to setting up a management
system, and carrying out an on-site environmental review. The course is
assessed by means of a 2.5 hour exam. Successful candidates become associate
members of the IEM. The EEF is now developing a 4-5 day course which is
being piloted through the Institute for Occupational Health and Safety.
Green Office
Name of organisation:
Environmental Law Foundation
Contact details:
Susannah Galitello (0171) 404 1030
Number of people involved:
12 law firms or university law departments
Target audience:
The legal profession
Brief Description:
The Green Office Policy has been funded by the DETR Environmental Action
Fund and has been going for three years. It is due to wind up soon unless
further funding is found.
The Green Office team conducts an audit of legal offices or law departments to review office policies or issues such as recycling and energy efficiency. Recommendations are then made which the office can then take up. The office is also requested to write their own environmental policy.
A regular newsletter, 'Green Office Briefing', is also produced where companies that have participated can write an article.
Reasons for project:
The Green Office project aims to increase awareness in the legal profession
of sustainable development to help companies improve their environmental
performance.
Results:
The Green Office project has been relatively popular with at least 20-30
firms expressing interest. 12 firms/law departments have been audited
to date.
Success has been varied, and depends very much on the enthusiasm of the office concerned. If there are large obstacles to changing the way an office is managed, less has been achieved. Additional costs and prices are common obstacles. Little subsequent monitoring and evaluation has been possible for this project as the budget is too small.
Additional Information:
The Environmental Law Foundation also organises talks and seminars to
increase environmental awareness.
Action at Work
Name of organisation:
Global Action Plan (GAP)
Contact details:
Trewin Restorick, Director
(0171) 405 5633
Number of people involved:
9 companies have been assessed, involving extensive numbers of staff within
each.
Target audience:
Staff and companies as a whole
Brief Description:
Action at Work draws cross-departmental teams together to work on an environmental
issue chosen by the company. The team is trained to perform an audit of
the company to identify issues and problems and then works with GAP to
find solutions. These solutions involve internal publicity of issues,
structural change and encouragement of others to get involved both at
work and at home. After 6-9 months a second audit is completed.
There are 3 tenets to any of the solutions that GAP promote:
1. Information produced must be simple and relevant
2. Initiatives must involve the building of a team or community spirit
3. Measuring and feedback need to be included as part of the project structure
Reasons for project:
To increase employees' environmental awareness and help improve resource
management
Results:
Companies were reported to have achieved some very good, measurable results:
- Devon County Council reduced waste by 37%,
- The Environment Agency North West reduced water consumption by 7%. The GreenScore for Agency staff improved by a score of 7 compared with a national average of 5. This was evaluated externally by University College London.
- WWF UK systematised its recycling system: recycling of plastic bottles increased by 240%, the amount of used marketing material, decreased by 50%.
The project has been going for 1 ½ years and is still in the early stages. It is an intensive process and it has taken some time to build evidence of its worth, however, positive achievements can now be seen.
There have been many obstacles that companies must overcome before GAP will work with them. One of the most crucial is the demand for support from the higher managerial levels. This has proved particularly difficult for local authorities to commit to given their high level of departmentalisation.
One of the difficulties within projects has been trying to maintain the motivation of both the team and the whole company. This is particularly difficult with companies that are undergoing restructuring, and where staff need to cope with changing workplaces. GAP tries to add fun into the initiatives to help keep people interested. For example, British Aerospace wanted to work on energy. They did a lunchtime 'energy raid' to check on computers and to keep an element of fun, they tied balloons to the computers that were left on.
Additional Information:
Companies can choose to direct the focus of their initiatives to encouraging
results in their own workplaces or to encouraging their employees to take
actions in their own homes. This has often depended on the other sorts
of environmental management systems a company already has running to deal
with issues within the work place. The Environment Agency, Halifax, United
Utilities and British Aerospace have all opted to direct their energies
towards 'Action at Home'.
Groundwork Environmental Training Programme
Name of organisation:
Groundwork
Contact details:
Charles Duff
0171 922 1230
Number of people involved:
An initial pilot has been carried out with funding from the European Social
Fund. 13 companies were involved in the pilot, which took place in East
London. Groundwork plan to cover 5 other areas in London in the next phase
and to include 15 companies in each area. Similar programmes are also
being developed in the South East, West Midlands and North West.
Target audience:
Small and medium sized companies.
Brief Description:
Each company sends two individuals to the training programme. They receive
4 days of classroom instruction, covering legislation, assessment of environmental
impacts and developing a management system. The classroom training is
interspersed with on-site training when managers get one-on-one help to
apply the lessons to their own company.
Groundwork's course has been certified by the Institute of Environmental Management as meeting its 'learning outcomes' criteria. This means that the classroom instruction leads to a Foundation Certificate from the Institute of Environmental Management.
Groundwork is also working with the Management Charter Initiative to map modules of the training against occupational standards. (see MCI)
Groundwork's training does not cover sustainable development as such - they believe that sustainable development actually complicates the issue, particularly when working with small and medium sized businesses who need a very straightforward approach.
Reasons for project:
The need to raise awareness and to trigger action amongst small businesses.
Results:
The pilot programme is currently being evaluated. It appears to have been
successful, however companies are still shy about coming forward for environmental
training. 15 places were available on the pilot programme, however time
constraints meant that Groundwork was only able to recruit 13 companies.
Additional Information:
Groundwork has identified the main barriers to training small and medium
sized businesses as cost and perceived value for money. Effective training
is very expensive and Groundwork believe that the government should provide
support for environmental training by funding training providers.
Small business managers in particular are not convinced that training
in environmental management offers value for money and they are confused
by the plethora of un-certified training courses available. Groundwork
aims to counter these concerns by offering training on-site and through
its link-up with the Institute of Environmental Management.
Green Teams
Name of organisation:
IBM
Contact details:
Carole Redman
01705 561000
Target audience:
Company staff
Brief Description:
The aim of the programme is to educate staff about the environmental issues
facing the business, encourage them to identify new issues and to take
action on them. The process is as follows:
1. Awareness-raising. A small environmental team educate staff in environmental
issues facing the company through means such as roadshows at company sites
and by provision of information on the company's intranet.
2. Development of champions: Some individuals respond to this information
by becoming members of the Green Team.
3. Educating the company: Green Team members are encouraged to identify
environmental problems and bring them to the attention of the environmental
team.
4. Action: The environmental team develop and recommend solutions to the
problem to the appropriate part of the company.
The awareness-raising component of this process also encourages employees to be more environmentally aware at home.
IBM are just beginning a process of environmental education with their suppliers. Environmental performance requirements will be built into the existing quality-assurance system
Reasons for project:
The project began because of the need to implement waste-minimisation
targets that the company had set. At that time, there was no awareness
amongst staff about this issue. The Green Team project was intended to
raise awareness and facilitate action to deliver the target.
IBM cite the main benefit as being that it is the staff who are taking a lead on environmental issues - "the users are actually doing it". This makes staff feel responsible for these issues. This also means that new problems get spotted early.
The company had set environmental performance targets. Green Team has allowed them to deliver on these.
The Green team has picked up on problems relevant outside the company as well. For example, IBM computers have a range of energy-saving functions, but these are not active in the default set-up.
Staff training and awareness-raising
Name of organisation:
ICI plc
Contact details:
Vic Robson
Tel: 0171 834 4444
Target audience:
Staff
Brief Description:
The company has set itself tough safety, health and environmental targets
to achieve by 2000. Staff training and awareness raising is a key element
of this process.
Results:
- In 1997, 500 staff attended training courses on health, safety and environment issues
- Individual plants run staff training programmes
- The paint plant at Slough has introduced a scheme to encourage staff to save energy at work
Environmental Training packages
Name of organisation:
Institution of Chemical Engineers
Contact details:
Carol Price
(01788) 578 214
Target audience:
The chemical industry
Brief Description:
The Institution of Chemical Engineers have several environmental training
courses which include:
- Gas cleaning
- Incineration of municipal waste with energy recovery
- Aqueous effluents The Institute also has training packages for companies to use themselves. These include:
- Environmental awareness
- Air emissions
- Environmental auditing
- Waste minimisation
- Contaminated land
- Energy management
- Designing for cleaner technology
Greening the High Street
Name of organisation:
Save Waste and Prosper
Contact details:
Chas Ball/Angela Todd
0113 2438777
Number of people involved:
Steering committee below
Target audience:
Retailers, community recyclers, waste management companies, local authorities,
town centre manager and property management groups.
Brief Description:
Greening the High Street is an innovative partnership, set up in 1996
to achieve environmental improvements in the retail sector. By working
in partnership, Greening the High Street aims to tackle environmental
issues which affect retailers at the local level through practical, cost-effective
solutions. The steering group for Greening the High Street includes Dixons,
HMV, HSBC, the Body Shop and Thorn. Save Waste and Prosper Limited manages
the initiative.
Greening the High Street has carried out a pilot in Ealing (West London). It looked at waste minimisation and recycling of packaging waste. The main elements of the pilot were:
- Waste reviews and awareness raising amongst local retailers: both independents and chain stores
- Pilot recycling service for 70 shops
- Research into best practice which can be communicated nation-wide
A national roll-out is being developed building upon the lessons learnt from the Ealing pilot and developing new pilots around the country. Objectives are:
- 1999-2000: 3-5 pilot projects refining the Ealing model in areas of differing socio-economic and geographical locations
- 2000-2003: developing nation-wide network.
Reasons for project:
Sir Colin Southgate, the then CEO of Thorn EMI and the Body Shop, both
companies with an existing interest in environmental issues, decided to
collaborate, believing that there would be more benefit in a collaborative
way of working.
Results:
The Ealing pilot involved 70 retailers all of whom participated in a recycling
scheme. Staff and managers were sensitised to the issues and involved
in separating waste. The projected roll-out indicates the success of the
pilot.
Environmental Diploma for Trade Union Representatives
Name of organisation:
Transport and General Workers Union
Contact details:
Nigel Mortar
Number of people involved:
10-20 union representatives per year
Target audience:
Transport & General Workers Union active representatives, enabling them
to become involved in environmental management in the workplace.
Brief Description:
This is one of 4 diploma modules that the T&GWU have developed in partnership
with the University of North London to build union reps' practical skills
and abilities. The others are Industrial Relations; Health and Safety;
Trade Unionism. The Environmental module is aimed to build reps' skill
in practical application of environmental management; the philosophy,
history and politics of environmental issues; and the relevance of environmental
issues to trade union members.
Reps have one day's tuition a month over 12 months plus a week-long summer school. They also complete a project which is an original piece of research based on practical environmental issues in their own workplace.
Reasons for project:
Environmental issues never seem to be a priority for members, but it is
an underlying concern for most trade unions. The T&G Education department
want to combat the old fashioned 'environment versus jobs' attitude, and
enable unionists to take an active role in steering and implementing environmental
management in the workplace. They also hope that delegates will take the
lessons beyond the workplace. There is reportedly a good deal of interest
in environmental training amongst T&G members.
Results:
The first environmental diploma course starts in September 1999
Additional Information:
Trade Unions have been slow to take up environmental issues, but have
an important role to play. There are examples where unions have become
involved, e.g: The National Union of Seamen; Aslef and Greenpeace
The union is lobbying for statutory provision for release for environmental training (in a similar way to current health and safety provision).
Nigel Mortar firmly believes a responsibility for the environment lies within the ethos of trade unionism, and should not be left to management.
Sustainable Business Challenge Exam
Name of organisation:
Foundation for Business and Sustainable Development
World Business Council for Sustainable Development
(in partnership with AIESEC)
Contact details:
Hans Christian Lillehagen
(47) 22 67 97 00
Number of people involved:
10 000 so far
Target audience:
Graduate students who want to move into sectors such as industry, finance
and commerce; Managers; Teachers
Brief Description:
This is an introductory course to sustainable development . It uses a
reference book which is designed as a series of briefing documents for
a corporate board meeting in the year 2017. The documents follow the action
chronologically as sustainability is debated in a fictitious corporation,
covering all of the key issues and trends, policy topics, emerging themes
and business concepts for the 21st century. There is a free Internet exam
to test students' understanding of the book. Successful completion of
the exam (which can be taken several times) results in a certificate from
the WBCSD.
Reasons for project:
WBCSD realised that the understanding of sustainable development and its
importance for business was low among graduate students.
Results:
10,000 people have taken the Sustainable Business Challenge Exam (Dec
1998)
Page published 12 May
2000;
Page last modified
20 August, 2002