Defra

Reference

Project Title

Organisation

Darwin Grant

162/04/104

Biodiversity Management Training

The Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology

£123,678

162/04/161

Biodiversity Action Plan

London Ecology Unit

£77,300

162/05/090

Darwin Technical Handbook for Botanic Gardens

Botanic Gardens Conservation International

£39,520

162/05/091

Computer Software Systems for Botanic Gardens of Former Soviet Union

Botanic Gardens Conservation International

£125,990

162/05/126

Training Darwin Scholars - MSc in Ecosystems Analysis and Governance

University of Warwick

£115,020

162/05/153

Biodiversity Surveying and Information Management, Laguna San Rafael National Park, Chile

Raleigh International

£134,160

162/06/014

Conserving Vietnam's Biodiversity Through Improved Water Quality Assessment and Monitoring

Field Studies Council

£128,274

162/06/017

Conserving India's Biodiversity - NGO Training and Projects with Local Communities

Field Studies Council

£110,404

162/06/020

Egyptian Sea Turtle Conservation Project

Queen Mary & Westfield College

£143,632

162/06/023

Marine Benthic Biodiversity in China

Plymouth Marine Laboratory

£99,000

162/06/029

Marine Benthic Invertebrate Study in Coastal Waters of Ecuador

Heriot-Watt University

£124,510

162/06/050

Automating Insect Identification for Inventorying Costa Rican Biodiversity

The Natural History Museum

£142,894

162/06/054

Conservation of Endangered Plants and their Associated Fungi in Kenya

International Mycological Institute

£147,114

162/06/065

Four Volume Field Guide to Herpetofauna of Mainland SE Asia

University of Wales Bangor

£33,000

162/06/081

Bogs of Tomsk Province: Inventory, Assessment and Biodiversity Action Plan

ECUS, University of Sheffield

£99,860

162/06/174

Revision of the Galapagos Marine Management Plan

University of Southampton

£123,700

162/06/175

Establishment of Four Darwin Publishing Units

ICCE

£91,880

162/07/027

The role of fruit bats in maintaining biodiversity in Madagascar

University of Aberdeen

£108,857

162/07/040

Biodiversity of butterflies in tropical rainforests of Sabah, Borneo

University of Durham

£131,750

162/07/078

Threatened flora of Galapagos: a scientific basis for conservation

The Galapagos Conservation Trust

£124,500

162/07/083

Training in Polish botanic gardens

Botanic Gardens Conservation International

£10,960

162/07/091

Insect biodiversity: taxonomic capacity building in Guyana

CABI Bioscience

£76,384

162/07/115

Ecology and conservation of the endemic St Helena wirebird

University of Reading

£88,968

162/07/147

Marine habitat mapping development in San Andres Archipelago, Columbia

Heriot-Watt University

£119,935

162/08/186

Access to genetic resources and benefit sharing in the Pacific Islands region

Foundation for International Environmental Law and Development

£107,447

162/04/104

Biodiversity Management Training

Context

Discussions with government and educational officials in various African countries highlighted the need for expertise in wildlife and ecosystem monitoring and management, particularly for understudied taxonomic groups. The project team consulted African partners concerning the relative value of ex-situ and in-situ biodiversity training programmes and developed a new model that encompassed the advantages of both. This model combines a period of formal training to MSc level within the UK, and a second year of implementation in the student's home country where the reintegration and implementation process is closely monitored by partner institutions to ensure that maximum use is made of the training. After consultation with the Wildlife Conservation Society, who have a wide ranging African conservation programme, the countries selected were Zaire, Tanzania and Madagascar. Within these countries, partner organisations were asked to select and target those individuals who were most likely to benefit from the training programme and who were associated with priority conservation projects.

Objectives

To provide a programme of formal training in biodiversity management in Britain with a follow-up period of implementation in the target countries that is monitored and evaluated by in-country expertise.

To focus the implementation phase on understudied taxonomic groups.

To provide a nucleus of highly trained practitioners well-versed in the science of conservation and its application to problems in the field.

To ensure that trained individuals are integrated and well positioned in the wildlife management structure of the host country for maximum impact.

Operation

Nine candidates, three from each country, were nominated by local staff of the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS). All Fellows successfully completed the MSc Conservation Biology course which consisted of eight modules running from October - April followed by a six-month research dissertation project. The second year of in-country training and implementation was disrupted by changes in personnel within the partner institutions. In Tanzania, two students were promoted on their return, one to a position were he could not follow the intended programme, the other declined to participate in follow-up work, and the third returned to his original post and had yet to agree an affordable programme. In Zaire, the programme was disrupted by the outbreak of civil war, although both Fellows eventually returned and carried out implementation projects. However, the Malagasy Fellows - employed by the WCS - completed the follow-up year on schedule. All three are continuing to work on these programmes.

Impact

The main impact of the project has been to return nine fellows trained to MSc standard to posts within the conservation or biodiversity management systems of their home countries As a training project, it naturally promoted understanding of the issues involved or directly assisted the host counties in meeting obligations under articles 6, 7, 8, 10, etc. of the Convention on Biological Diversity.The project appears to have consolidated and extended collaboration between DICE and a number of institutions in the host countries, and DICE now has other relevant projects operating in Africa.

Sustainability

Viewed as the subsequent progress of the Fellows, this was to be monitored for at least five years after the project ended, based on biannual reports to WCS. At the time of reporting, all Fellows were still in posts involving wildlife management/biodiversity conservation. However, full assessment of sustainability must await further reports.

Contact

Dr RA Griffiths, The Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology

162/04/161

Biodiversity Action Plan for Santiago

Context

Like many of the world's large cities, Santiago suffers from environmental problems such as air pollution, low groundwater table and a lack of data on its biodiversity resource. Even though Santiago has large areas set aside as Public Parks it is apparent that the designers have taken little account of ecological issues. There is a strong tradition in Chile for National Parks in order to protect sensitive areas with important levels of biodiversity, but there is little or no protection of modified habitats that lie within urban areas. The need for such a project arose after staff from London Ecology Unit (LEU) visited Santiago to provide training to Chilean professionals on urban nature conservation programmes.

Objectives

To develop an ecological approach to planning and land management in Santiago, Chile. To provide specialist training in ecologcal survey methods and in techniques for management of habitats for nature conservation in urban areas. To assist in the setting up of a multidisciplinary forum to address and coordinate ecological issues on a strategic, city-wide basis. To assist in the production of a Biodiversity Plan for Santiago covering the protection and enhancement of important habitats and species, promoting the city's ecological resources and raising public awareness.

Operation

The project accomplished all its objectives. Senior individuals in the Ministry of Housing and Urban Development were targeted for training in the UK in order to influence both planning and management of land in Santiago. In addition, training was provided for Chilean ecologists in specialist surveys for urban areas which led to the first successful ecological survey of a South American city. An Ecological Forum was set up in Santiago which consisted of representatives from government departments, national conservation bodies, universities etc. Lastly, a Biodiversity Plan for the city was produced which consisted of a detailed report on over 100 sites of nature conservation important in Santiago.

Impact

The training of key individuals in the Ministry of Housing and Urban Development who are influential in a government department, has meant that crucial decisions are being made concerning the conservation of important urban areas for wildlife. To this end the first ecological planning policy for the city of Santiago has been published for consultation. As a result of several ecological initiatives within new parks, the city now has its first native species nurseries which are able to supply these projects.

Sustainability

The fact that the MINVU has collaborated with LEU again and successfully applied to Darwin for further funding to extend this type of work, is clear evidence that the host country wishes to further pursue this area of work.

Contact

Professor DA Goode, London Ecology Unit

162/05/090

Darwin Technical Handbook for Botanic Gardens

Context

Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI) receive many requests for information and advice from botanic gardens throughout the world on technical and management topics. The lack of a comprehensive reference works available on the management of botanic gardens was seen as a real problem. The literature concerning practical aspects of garden management and collection maintenance was extremely dispersed, generally in English and often difficult to access, especially for institutions in developing countries. There was a clear need for such resources to be presented in the form of a Technical Handbook that could help botanic gardens to improve the management of their scientific, conservation and educational collections of plants, thus enhancing their capacity for biodiversity conservation.

Objectives

To produce a clear technical handbook for the management of botanic gardens.

Operation

The project had a very specific objective and this was achieved, albeit within a slightly extended timescale. The only change to the work plan was to invite specialist authors to write chapters, rather than working through a workshop process. It appears that the process used was the best way of compiling the manual. The outreach of the project has been excellent: the manual was available initially in English and Spanish editions but is now being translated into other major languages (and will ultimately be available in all the official languages of the CBD).

Impact

The impact of the Manual cannot be assessed in relation to any single country. However, it is being used actively in Gardens around the world, as is evident from the feedback provided by the project team. The relevance to the CBD is strongest in relation to in-situ and ex-situ conservation but, beyond this botanic gardens are key centres of expertise in taxonomy and in public education.

Sustainability

The Manual has an important long-term role to play, for example, in relation to the Global Plant Conservation Initiative (GPCI) of the CBD. The translation into several languages is particularly noteworthy and will ensure the extension of this information to many other botanic gardens in the future.

Contact

Dr E Leadlay, Botanic Gardens Conservation International

162/05/091

Computer Software Systems for Botanic Gardens of Former Soviet Union

Context

The countries of the former Soviet Union (FSU) are rich in biodiversity but limited in resources for their conservation. Their botanic gardens are particularly rich in living collections many also constitute primary botanic resource centres for biodiversity research, conservation and education in Eastern Europe and Asia. The political and economic problems resulting from the break up of the Soviet Union have had a devastating effects on many of these gardens. In addition, with poor information management systems, many botanic gardens are in immediate danger of losing much valuable data on their collections. The project arose as a result of a request made by botanic gardens in the region to BGCI to seek assistance in the development of information systems and to train staff in their use.

Objectives

To create biodiversity systems for botanic gardens of the Former Soviet Union(FSU) for their living plant collection; to develop efficient systems for the registration , documentation, co-ordination and durability of data; to install appropriate computer software; to train staff in its use; to provide an increased capacity of plant conservation in the FSU.

Operation

A Russian language software package was prepared based on the BGCI software BG-Recorder, The software was distributed to 75 institutions in the FSU. A series of Russian language training and technical publications were prepared and distributed and an internet website was created and linked to all botanic gardens in the region with Internet access. BG- Recorder was installed in 28 botanic gardens during the project and 55 staff received training in information management techniques for one week, 13 received training for shorter periods. The participants took advantage of various opportunities that could not have been foreseen during the project proposal stage, leading to a change of venue for one of the workshops, as well as an additional so-called 'model' computing system being set up in Novosibirsk instead of in Minsk (which was already capable of setting up its own computing system).

Impact

It seems clear that each of the host sites for the workshops has gained from its participation in this project, and that the UK and Russian offices of BGCI have developed strong and supportive ties. Collaboration between institutions within the countries of the former Soviet Union will also be much stronger because of this project, and this may be one of the most important, long-term benefits of the project as a whole.

Sustainability

The Moscow office of BGCI has shown great commitment to the goals of this project and is likely to continue to do so in the future. However, the continued crisis for scientific institutions in the region means that there is no capital investment for the maintenance of thier facilities and there will need to be a continual influx of money and technical support to keep this initiative alive.

Contact

Dr P Wyse-Jackson, Botanic Gardens Conservation International

162/05/126

Training Darwin Scholars - MSc in Ecosystems Analysis and Governance

Context

Several of the Institutes collaborators in developing countries expressed great interest in the MSc course on Ecosystems Analysis and Governance. This project was developed to award Darwin scholarships, on a competitive basis, to students from a range of institutions that do not have the financial resources to fund the students. The emphasis of the course is on interdisciplinary education and training in new and relevant practical techniques for ecosystem analysis and management. This emphasis makes it much more valuable as a course for professional researchers wishing to train others in their home countries and to carry out meaningful research in biodiversity conservation.

Objectives

To provide access to Darwin students to the MSc course on Ecosystems Analysis and Governance where they will develop their skills related to resource management and the conservation of biodiversity; to enable them to gain technical competence in mathematical modelling, remote sensing, information technology, economics, statistical analyses and fieldwork and help them create new syntheses to address the interrelated problems of economic development and ecological sustainability.

Operation

A total of 10 students were selected for the course which covered a 12 month period, of which the 6 months of the dissertation could be spent in the student' home institution, and 6 months taught course in the UK. All 10 students were awarded MSc degrees. Due to a misunderstanding of funding arrangements 9 of these students were Darwin funded and one was funded by Warwick University.

Impact

The project has achieved its goal of providing the transfer of skills for the analysis and management of biodiversity to individuals from a number of countries. However, the impact of this project on biodiversity conservation in the host countries is less certain. It appears that most of the students continue to work in the field of biodiversity conservation in their home countries and some are likely to rise to more senior positions as a result of the training.

Sustainability

Sustainability of the project can be measured in terms of impact of the training and the extent that the trainees have been able to train other. 6 months after students returned to their Institutions, the Institutions were to be asked to submit a report to Warwick on the skills developed by the students, their current contribution to biodiversity conservation in the home countries, and to assess how the MSc has contributed to the student's development as professional researchers.

Contact

Dr C Sheppard, University of Warwick

162/05/153

Biodiversity Surveying and Information Management, Laguna San Rafael National Park, Chile

Context

The Laguna San Rafael National Park (LSRNP) is a major protected area in Chile, managed by the Corporación Nacional Forestal (CONAF) and yet little is known about its biodiversity and the impact of threats (e.g. tourism, salmon farming, logging and grazing) to biodiversity in this remote but rapidly developing area. The need for the work was identified through previously well-established links between Chile and the UK (particularly between CONAF and Raleigh International).

Objectives

To set information management priorities for LSRNP; to carry out biodiversity surveys in support of those priorities; to establish monitoring criteria to support management decision making and lay a foundation for the development of an integrated information management system for use regionally and nationally by CONAF; to provide training for local CONAF personnel (rangers, management personnel and scientists); to make recommendations for management of the LSRNP and promote awareness and understanding of biodiversity.

Operation

This was a large project, involving many scientists and volunteers and producing a considerable amount of information and many detailed reports. Objectives were achieved to various degrees. The baseline survey covered many components of biodiversity and was well matched to the priorities identified in the second project workshop. A framework for data collection was developed in consultation with WCMC and a potentially valuable GIS system established. The project successfully promoted awareness and understanding of biodiversity conservation among the large number of Raleigh international volunteers involved in the project and to a wider audience through many newspaper articles describing the work. Training of local rangers in sampling and monitoring techniques took place but, due to the demands of their other duties, this exercise was limited and they will probably require further training. The project was also unable to fully address the establishment of a monitoring programme and recommendations for the management of the LSRNP.

Impact

Overall, the project did much to address the lack of information on biodiversity in the LSRNP.

Although at the time of reporting, no specific action appears to have been taken by CONAF or Chile as a result of the project, the very close collaboration between CONAF and the UK partners in the project suggests that the results of the project will guide future actions.

Sustainability

The host institution was a significant partner in this project and is clearly committed to the management of the Laguna San Rafael National Park and research to underpin this management. Raleigh are currently working on the EC funded Biodiversity Aysen project (2000-2004) which is the successor tho this work. This work could be replicated elsewhere in Chile and the fact that the final workshop was held in Santiago may have facilitated this.

Contact

Senior Manager, Projects Office, Raleigh International

162/06/014

Conserving Vietnam's Biodiversity Through Improved Water Quality Assessment and Monitoring

Context

Wetland habitats in Vietnam are of global importance for biodiversity, but are experiencing increasing pressures as the result of economic development. Effective management of freshwater habitats for conservation requires baseline surveys and monitoring of water quality, coupled with public awareness of water quality. Vietnam has recognised the need for water quality monitoring through the establishment of the National Environment Agency (NEA). However, local organisations have identified the lack of biological assessment methods as a weakness in conservation management of freshwater habitats across South-East Asia. This project's goal was therefore to conserve Vietnam's freshwater biodiversity through improved water quality assessment and management, using biological methods.

Objectives

To draft a long term plan towards integrating Water Quality Assessment in national monitoring; to hold a UK writing/training workshop; to provide training for Vietnamese students, scientists and teachers; to publish and distribute Vietnamese language materials to support the training and for wider use in teaching at all levels; to begin a national database and collection; to carry out a regional research project in the Red Delta area; to carry out a schools project on water quality monitoring.

Operation

Workshops were held in the UK and Vietnam for university and NEA staff and school teachers supported by the production of appropriate training manuals and identification keys in English and Vietnamese. A database and collection of freshwater macroinvertebrate families was established in Nation al University, Hanoi and a PhD research project was expected to be completed by the end of 2001. Unfortunately, the integration of biological assessment into the national water quality monitoring programme by NEA was not achieved although there is potential for this development in the longer term

Impact

The training component of the project was particularly successful and the comprehensive training material was approved by the Ministry of Training and Education (MOET) for publication as a university text in Vietnam. The project was assisted by collaboration with an UNDP-funded environmental education project in Vietnam and enabled achievement of additional outputs. Collaboration between the UK and the NUV during the project period was excellent and has triggered the development of longer-term initiatives.

Sustainability

Although there is no indication of commitment at the moment from the host country to develop the project's work in the future, there is strong evidence from reviews of trainees that the project's work will be sustained in Vietnam by individual personnel. There is also good potential for replication of the project's work elsewhere in Vietnam in education and field monitoring since the project has published comprehensive documentation in Vietnamese.

Contact

Dr S Tilling, Field Studies Council

162/06/017

Conserving India's Biodiversity - NGO Training and Projects with Local Communities

Context

North-East India is rich in biodiversity and the majority of the population in the region depend on natural resources for livelihood. However, one of the critical environmental issues in the region is the loss of natural resources and biodiversity through a range of activities that adversely affect the quality of life of the local people. The Centre for Environmental Education (CEE) in North East India, identified a need to conduct training of local NGOs to increase their understanding of biodiversity issues and work with local communities to enable them to work towards the protection of their resources. They contacted the Field Studies Council (FSC) suggesting that the two organisation collaborate on the development of a project to address these needs.

Objectives

To develop a framework for a ten day Biodiversity Training course for NGOs. To devise and develop a documented training package for the course. TO enable the NGOs to deliver a small scale biodiversity related project with local people in NE India. To train trainers in 5 other CEEs in India. To deliver the package to NGOs on a regional basis throughout India. To use the model to develop a training package for local community representatives in India.

Operation

Almost all of the project's stated objectives have been achieved and the project has delivered an impressive number of outputs, which are probably of a good quality, given CEE's past achievements. There were two significant changes to project design. First, the proposed formal training for CEE officers was replaced by a more informal approach as the selected officers were already considered to be effective trainers. Second, less emphasis was given to developing a training package for local community leaders than originally envisaged, because considerable informal training of this target group was apparently taking place through the mini projects. CEE also decided to invest more time in helping NGOs make these projects successful. Additional outputs included those arising from the mini projects and the production of a range of minor teaching aids.

Impact

While a Biodiversity Training Package was successfully delivered to NGOs, the impact of this training in terms of empowering NGOs to develop and implement effective biodiversity conservation projects with local communities is unclear from reports. Nevertheless, potential impacts could be very substantial due to the project's emphasis on training trainers and adapting the training packages for use in different regions. Some empirical evaluation is required to assess the extent of change in local people's understanding of biodiversity and in their behaviour, especially in relation to improving biodiversity management and conservation, notably in the North-East.

Sustainability

Certain aspects of the project are likely to be sustainable given that CEE is an established organisation with the ability to secure funds from government and other sources. The outputs of many of the mini-projects are on-going, but their sustainability depends on the continued enthusiasm of the NGOs and communities involved, which depends partly on their ability to obtain the necessary funds and other resources. CEE is planning to make the Biodiversity Training Manual available through the CEE and FSC websites and hopes to continue the Darwin Newsletter.

Contact

Dr J Hindson, Field Studies Council

162/06/020

Egyptian Sea Turtle Conservation Project

Context

Marine turtles are endangered worldwide but their situation in the Mediterranean Sea is particularly fragile. Intensive fishing methods make life at sea very hazardous for adults and increasing tourist and industrial developments now threaten the few nesting beaches that remain in the eastern Mediterranean. Together with the Suez Canal University and the Organisation for Environmental Conservation Affairs, the project aimed to develop a conservation management plan for sea turtles in Egyptian waters.

Objectives

The protection of nesting areas, breeding adults, eggs and hatchlings, provision of information to central government to enable it to review, and if necessary implement, legislation; survey of species, nesting populations, nesting areas and abuse of turtles with an evaluation of the direct effects of tourism and pollution; research of breeding and migratory habits of Egyptian turtles and their role as natural predators of jellyfish; training of Egyptian turtle rangers; formation of an Egyptian Turtle Conservation Society and development of regional links.

Operation

The objectives were largely achieved with two major exceptions, the feeding experiments and the establishment of an Egyptian Turtle Conservation Society, for both the essential authorisation required from Egyptian authorities could not be obtained. The feeding experiments were replaced by observations of the effects of temperature on sex determination, while the establishment of a new conservation society was effectively replaced by support of the existing 'The Friends of the environment of Alexandria'. Additional outputs were also achieved, most notably the production of a substantial specialist training manual, further training, and the introduction of legislation by the Lebanese Government to protect marine turtles in Lebanon.

Impact

Collaboration between the UK, host country, and other relevant projects and organisations was high and interactions with internationally respected experts in turtle conservation was also apparent from the project reports. In Egypt, the project has stimulated co-operation between the government and NGO sectors, the latter in the form of 'The Friends of the environment of Alexandria'. As a result of the project, the Egyptian government is expected to confer special protected status on specific nesting beaches of north Sinai, while local government is expected to address development issues.

Sustainability

Although reports do not show any explicit evidence of commitment from the host country to extend and develop the work in the future, three of the four project trainees are currently in positions where their newly acquired turtle expertise can be expected to sustain the work of the present project. In addition, there is some indication that the activities of 'The Friends of the environment of Alexandria' will contribute to the conservation of turtles in Egypt. Further research work is also possible as a memorandum of collaboration has been signed between the UK project partner and the Suez Canal University

Contact

Dr A Campbell, University of London

162/06/023

Marine Benthic Biodiversity in China

Context

The rapid economic development of China, with one fifth of the world's population, is one of the most significant new developments effecting the future of biodiversity. The current focus of this development, largely in the coastal areas, is having a considerable impact on the coastal waters of China. Although these coastal waters support a great range of habitats and very high biodiversity for many groups of marine organism, they are now under increasing anthropogenic pressures in terms of pollution, fishing and intensive aquaculture.

China makes a considerable investment in biodiversity research and was one of the earliest signatories to the UN Convention on Biological Diversity. The project developed following discussions with staff at the Ocean University of Qingdao who expresses their concerns about the lack of scientists in China with the relevant training to monitor benthic diversity and develop management strategies for sustainable development of coastal ecosystems.

Objectives

To provide training in marine sample methods and meiofaunal taxonomy, monitoring, statistical design and analysis for community studies for 2 PhD students at the Ocean University of Qingdao. To provide training materials and local trained staff for courses to be run in the future. To conduct further training for students in the UK. In collaboration with local scientists, to undertake sampling and analysis to examine the effects of man's activities on the biodiversity of coastal habitats in the Bohai Sea towards the development of a management strategy.

Operation

The training objectives of this project have been achieved or exceeded. A total of 31 Qindao staff and students were trained in the relevant areas of experimental design and statistical analysis necessary to run their own courses in the future. Literature, handbooks and software have been provided and a library facility - the Darwin Library - established, with extensive copies of the literature in the Plymouth library. The two Qingdao PhD students now have University positions in China.

Although the research objective of this project, to design a management strategy was not fully achieved, it is clear that the project has made a significant contribution to establishing the infrastructure necessary for this work. Research was reported in 5 published papers and postgraduate theses.

Impact

The project has provided skills in taxonomy and the statistical analysis of biodiversity data that previously did not exist in China. It has also established the basis for ongoing collaboration between the participating institutions. For example, Dr Mu, now on staff at Qingdao, has received a Royal Society grant to go to Plymouth this year to continue research.

Sustainability

The commitment of the University of Qingdao to sustaining and furthering training and research in this area is plain. Furthermore, interest in marine and freshwater biodiversity research has been stimulated by the project in Hong Kong and Wuhan.

Contact

Dr RM Warwick, Plymouth Marine Laboratory

162/06/029

Marine Benthic Invertebrate Study in Coastal Waters of Ecuador

Context

Owing to the pressure of the shrimp aquaculture industry and offshore gas developments several of the coastal regions of Ecuador are under the threat of habitat alteration. The impact of habitat change and need for conservation can only be quantified where there are records of what fauna are naturally present prior to any changes. The goal of this Darwin project was to generate a dedicated and trained team that would be capable of collecting, preserving and identifying substrate dwelling marine invertebrates found in a range of coastal zones in Ecuador. At the start of the Darwin project a small-scale study was beginning to document benthic invertebrate life within a single coastal region in the Gulf of Guayaquil. The Darwin funding therefore provided an opportunity to increase the scale of this project both in terms of the geographical areas covered (four sites distributed along the coast of Ecuador) and in the training given researchers and students from the University of Guayaquil.

Objectives

To establish a unit based at the University of Guayaquil dedicated to the specialised study of marine invertebrate taxonomy and benthic ecosystems; to train young Ecuadorian marine biologists in the techniques and methodology of benthic invertebrate survey, taxonomy and analysis of benthic community structure; to provide training and supervision of these scientists using the expertise of specialist staff; to initiate a programme of accumulating data on benthic communities on specified areas of Ecuador's coastline; to establish a better understanding of the importance of the biodiversity in benthic communities of Ecuador and thereby to attract further funding ; to extend and develop Heriot-Watt University staff expertise in the taxonomy of tropical benthic fauna.

Operation

The project appears to have been successful in achieving these objectives. It established a successful working marine research facility at the University of Guayaquil. It trained a number of marine biologists with appropriate laboratory and field skills. Finally, it has resulted in the commitment from a number of organisations within Ecuador to hold annual meetings to develop a National Working Group on Biodiversity. Three Darwin students produced a guide-book with keys for identifying invertebrate fauna and information on how to preserve specimens for museums and displays.('Guía de Campo para la Colección Preservación de Invertebrados Marinos').

Impact

It is clear that the project has provided the host country with a number of important resources and the development of new partnerships. The success of the final Darwin two-day workshop held in March 2000 to highlight the work achieved by the project has acted as a catalyst for further such events. The University of Guayaquil has offered to host such an event next year and at this stage prospects look positive in that this is hoped to become an annual event.

Sustainability

Given that the Darwin Unit is now in place, books and guides outlining techniques now exist and a number of skilled individuals are available, development of the surveys of benthic marine invertebrates to other sites along the coast is feasible. It was noted in the final report that smaller scale projects have already started at the Unit. Furthermore The Ecuadorian Ministry of the Environment is now establishing a Centre for Marine Biodiversity to run alongside the Darwin Unit at Guayaquil. This seems to be a strong indication from the host country that they plan to sustain and develop marine surveys and research.

Contact

Dr J Mair, Heriot-Watt University

162/06/050

Automating Insect Identification for Inventorying Costa Rican Biodiversity

Context

Many insect species are potentially good indicators of overall species richness. They can be easily and almost continually sampled, and thus enable assessment to be made of how a particular event or treatment impacts on the environment. However, the single most important factor that prevents the use of insects in biodiversity inventory and monitoring projects is the great difficulty non-specialists have in identifying them. Traditional identification keys can only be used by specialists with access to a large reference collection and specialist libraries. Such facilities are costly to establish and both expensive and difficult to maintain, especially in tropical countries where the climate accelerates decomposition of biological material. Scientists at the NHM have developed a pilot Digital Automated Identification System (DAISY), capable of discriminating species based on non-apparent differences in wing morphology. This project built on established links with the Universidad de Costa Rica (UCR) to develop a working version of DAISY that would be of practical benefit for inventory and monitoring work, and would be accessible through the Internet.

Objectives

To develop an operational automatic identification system that will allow non-specialists to identify species of a target group of insects; to develop the skills necessary in Costa Rica to enable collaborators to use the software to create automatic identification systems for other organisms; to demonstrate a novel British developed technique for overcoming the taxonomic impediment to the implementation of Article 7 of the Biodiversity Convention; to provide a simple cost-effective method that will allow wide accessibility to diagnostic image-based specimens held in a UK collection.

Operation

A prototype DAISY system was installed and partially developed in the Escuela de Biologia at UCR. Much of the non-software development involved the preparation of a variety of test data sets comprised of images of the wings of various insects. This involved considerable amount of fieldwork using specially constructed equipment, which along with other field equipment have been donated to the UCR and are now used routinely by students. During the course of the project three Costa Ricans scientists received training and participated in the development of software and system testing. Initially, parasitic wasps were selected as target organism, but during the course of the project other groups of insects were also used to assess the applicability of the system to a range of insect groups. A hawk-moth data set was developed and has become the standard demonstration set. Website (http://chasseur.usc.edu/pups/projects/daisy.html)

Impact

The DAISY system occupies a room adjacent to the insect collections, and at the conclusion of the project a fully operational system was in place. The test sets and associated specimens are now deposited in the NHM but a large number of other specimens (circa 500) were also collected and identified during the course of the project. These are deposited in the Museo de Insectos, UCR and the National Biodiversity Institute (INBio). The system received attention in the Costa Rican press and the BBC programme Tomorrow's World (May 30, 2001) did a feature on the DAISY system, demonstrating how it was helping to identify insects in Costa Rican National Parks.

Sustainability

The flexibility of the DAISY system has been shown as it has been successfully integrated with database backends demonstrating that the system can be cross-linked with existing state of the art databases to provide a user accessing a range of information about the species identified. On completion of the project discussions were underway in preparation to installing DAISY software at the INBio in Costa Rica.

Contact

Dr I Gauld, The Natural History Museum

162/06/054

Conservation of Endangered Plants and their Associated Fungi in Kenya

Context

Fungal Species are large in number but poorly studied, which makes their conservation problematical. Many are thought to be host-specific, being associated with single genera or even species of plants. They may be vital to the continuing health of plants which are themselves threatened, or conversely may be the factors of that threat. The programme aimed to assess the conservation status of fungi associated with a range of rare and endangered plants in Kenya, leading to the development of species action plans for the protection of both fungi and plants. It also aimed to assess the threat to rare plants from fungal pathogens, particularly those spreading from encroaching areas of agriculture. Training in fungal systematics, identification, monitoring and ecology was also planned.

Objectives

To assess the conservation status of fungi associated with a range of rare and endangered plants in Kenya, leading to the development of integrated species action plans; to assess the threat from fungal pathogens; in the course of the mycological studies, to investigate and identify dependent insects; to resolve the classification of the fungi, including description of the many new taxa to be expected; to provide training in fungal systematics and identification; to raise awareness of the importance of fungal conservation.

Operation

Most of the project objectives were achieved. The project activities focused on identification, research and training. This lead to the production of a number of high quality publications as well as descriptions of 22 new species and two new genera of fungi. It also provided training in systematics for 42 students, and practical training for 39 foresters, as well as participating in seminars and conferences for local and international scientific audiences. The establishment of species action plans was perhaps an over-ambitious objective, and was consequently changed to cover species groups rather than individual species. A further change in emphasis was necessary when the number of problematic fungal specimens exceeded the identification facilities. Consequently the number of field excursions and collections of specimens for identification was significantly reduced.

Impact

There appears to have been excellent collaboration between UK and local partners and the project has lead to collaboration within the host country. The host institution has made room available for herbarium collections (improvement of research infrastructure). The training and herbarium collections will provide a basis on which the host country can improve its capacity for biodiversity work.

Sustainability

It appears that the most positive outcome of the project, and equally the most pressing challenge for the future, is the training and education of local people, to recognise and value the biodiversity that surrounds them. There is a critical lack of funds availably through Government sources and it seems unlikely that the work will be continued or the impact maintained without the provision of external funding.

Contact

Dr PF Cannon, CABI Bioscience

162/06/065

Four Volume Field Guide to Herpetofauna of Mainland SE Asia

Context

Reptiles and amphibians are often neglected or inadequately surveyed during biodiversity assessments, largely because of the problems with identifications. An urgent need for an up-to-date fieldguide for these taxa for the whole of the Southeast Asia region was identified by local collaborators involved in education, conservation and snakebite treatment. This project aimed to produce a 4-volume field-guide which a) included the complete range of the c.800 species likely to be encountered in the SE Asian biogeographic region, b) contained up-to-date systematic arrangements and c) contained both keys and photographic guides to identification. The main local project partners included the Chulalongkorn University, the National Science Museum and the Thai Red Cross (Queen Savoabha Memorial Institute).

Objectives

To integrate and update available taxonomic information on mainland SE Asian reptiles and amphibians, together with information on their natural history and distribution; to make this information accessible by the preparation of field guides incorporating species key as well as illustrations of all species.

Operation

The Project has made good and appropriate use of molecular techniques to assist in the overall task of assessing the diversity of an important indicator group in the region, the Trimeresurus group of pit vipers and details of this work have been published in a scientific paper. The 4-volume fieldguide is to be published one volume at a time and completed after the end of the project. The Project has produced a local language version of volume 1 of the fieldguide and has presented the Project at international conferences and meetings.

Impact

The Project attracted additional funding from Conservation International and the World Bank to assist in meeting costs of printing and distribution of the fieldguide, and in the production of a reduced version of the first volume (turtles and crocodiles) in four regional languages. It intends to ensure that free copies of the fieldguide are distributed to the appropriate organisations in the region (Myanmar, Thailand, Lao PDR, Vietnam and Cambodia).

The outputs of this work should provide the means by which organisations and personnel involved in conservation and assessment of biodiversity can survey the herpetofauna with accuracy and reliability. However, it's impact in the South-east Asian region will only become apparent once the fieldguide has been published and distributed.

Sustainability

The Project used extensive links with host country institutions and personnel to facilitate data collection. The level of collaboration was generally good and there are prospects for greater joint working/information exchanges in the future spanning a wider range of institutions.

Contact

Dr A Malhotra, University of Wales Bangor

162/06/081

Bogs of Tomsk Province: Inventory, Assessment and Biodiversity Action Plan

Context

The wetlands of Western Siberia, and the Tomsk Province in particular, represents a resource of global importance to biodiversity. At the same time, despite its remoteness, the area suffers from severe human impact due to conversion to agriculture, intensive prospecting and exploitation of oil and gas deposits as well as the timber industry. Although there was some information available on types of bogs and their distribution, there was little detailed information on plant communities and species of this area, and in particular the measures required to ensure their future protection. Russian scientists from Tomsk State University contacted scientists at the University of Sheffield to propose a collaborative project to conduct primary ecological survey work as an essential first step in documentation and evaluation of the wetland resource and to develop a Biodiversity Action Plan for the Province.

Objectives

To use British expertise for collaboration with and training of local scientists, in order to develop a programme for a detailed biological inventory and evaluation of the wetland resources of Tomsk Province. To carry out the necessary survey work to characterise the mire resources of bogs in Tomsk Province and to describe and classify their vegetation. To develop and set up a database which will help to evaluate the information gathered on wetland sites and prioritise the use of resources in their conservation and management; to facilitate the exchange of information on techniques for appropriate evaluation and management of bog vegetation for maintenance of the current resources. To collaborate on the production of a Habitat Statement and Biodiversity Action Plan for the Bogs of Tomsk Province. To establish close links between Sheffield and Tomsk to provide subsequent advice on these and other peatland issues and monitor progress/achievements. To promote dissemination of the biodiversity value of Tomsk wetlands

Operation

A detailed survey was carried out of 17 key areas. A huge number of herbarium samples of vascular plants and mosses was collected and identified, and a computer database (IBIS) was set up for storage and analysis of the environmental and botanical data. A classification system for the wetlands of south-eastern Siberia was developed, which encompasses the complex properties of wetland ecosystems. An electronic map of the wetlands in south-east Tomsk Province was made and it is proposed to use the map in future, in combination with the recorded field data as the basis for development of a database and geographical-information system (GIS) of the wetlands. The Biodiversity Action Plan was compiled using the results of the project.

Impact

The biodiversity Action Plan has been ratified by Tomsk Province Administration. The Russian partners in the project contributed to the preparation of a national strategy for the preservation of wetlands which was completed shortly after this project. Five large wetland areas in Tomsk Province have been submitted for designation as Ramsar sites (wetlands of international importance, especially as waterfowl habitat), partly as a result of data obtained by this project. Two of the Russian participants have been appointed to the Inter-Regional Commission on the Great Vasyugan Bog, reputedly the world's largest wetland, ensuring that this project will influence its protection.

Sustainability

Reports indicate that Russia will sustain the project's achievements by designating some sites investigated during the project as nature protection territories and enhancing the protection of existing nature protection territories by the preparation of descriptions and other necessary documents, presumably based on data obtained by this project. In addition, there is interest at local and national level in using the procedures adopted during the project to act as a model for developing Biodiversity Action Plans for the conservation of other habitats.

Contact

Dr S Shaw, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield

162/06/174

Revision of the Galapagos Marine Management Plan

Context

Owing to the pressure of tourism, commercial fishing and El Niño, the Galapagos Islands and their associated marine habitats are under considerable pressure. The vulnerability of the Galapagos marine ecosystem has been known for some time and in 1992 a management plan for the marine environment was proposed. This suggested a zonation system to protect the most vulnerable sites from further exploitation and disturbance. The CDRS, the National Fisheries Institute and the National Parks Authority have highlighted the urgent need for further work to protect the Galapagos marine ecosystem. This Darwin project is a response to this need and was undertaken to conduct research and training necessary to catalyse the development of effective conservation measures.

Objectives

To evaluate the conservation significance of the current zoning scheme proposed in the 1992 Management Plan for the Galapagos Marine Resources Reserve (GMRR); to identify the biodiversity and ecological value of distinctive regions or communities types and establish sound guidelines for the priority for conservation; to promote long-term conservation of Galapagos marine biodiversity by providing Ecuadorian conservation authorities with the technical baseline data needed for conservation and management of the GMRR and further fund raising by CDRS and associated charities.

Operation

Extensive marine field surveys were carried out at sites covering all the major islands of the Galapagos and a GIS database has been established that will form a crucial tool for monitor long-term changes in the Galapagos marine ecosystem and biodiversity. The project trained two senior Ecuadorian CDRS personnel in GIS techniques and training was provided for CDRS research assistants in various biological analysis and survey techniques. A Galapagos Marine Management Plan was produced by a central coordinating group that sought advise from all the sectors likely to be affected by the management plan. In addition to contributing to the detailed management document, a diving guide of benthic marine organisms has been produced, the fieldwork component of the project has been written up for publication in a peer reviewed journals, data were presented at various international conferences, and the project was very actively promoted in local and national press and radio both in Ecuador and the UK.

Impact

The Darwin project has provided Charles Darwin Research Station with a number of important resources notably the trained Ecuadorian CDRS staff and students that represents a legacy for future biodiversity research in this region. The GIS database and the computing system and software, and the spectrophotometer, which is key to certain aspects of fieldwork, are important resources to improve Ecuador's ability to quantify and manage the marine biodiversity of the Galapagos islands. The Management Plan is a substantial document that directly addresses issues relating to the biodiversity of this unique region and should act to promote long-term conservation within the Galapagos Marine Reserve. The Galapagos marine reserve has recently been awarded UNESCO World Heritage Site status largely because of the commitment to participative management detailed in the Plan.

Sustainability

The continued support and funding of staff at the CDRS demonstrates a commitment to extend and develop the work of this project in the future. The Ecuadorian conservation authorities would appear to be keen to maintain the CDRS and as such the biodiversity work that they are achieving will continue.

Contact

Dr K Collins, University of Southampton

162/06/175

Establishment of Four Darwin Publishing Units

Context

The need for education and information materials to support biodiversity conservation in Africa is becoming increasingly urgent. Few organisations involved in this work in Africa have the capacity to produce appropriate low-cost printed conservation education materials. Many are already committed to promoting biodiversity conservation and could play a major education, information and public-awareness role if they had access to appropriate equipment and training. The project focused on four counties, Zambia, Tanzania, Uganda and Malawi. It was developed by ICCE based on their experience in the region and through discussions with partners who expressed the need for appropriate technology and training to facilitate the production of such materials.

Objectives

To develop 4 self-sustaining design and publication units in 4 biodiversity rich African countries by enabling national conservation organisations to prepare and print appropriate material; to use proven information technology equipment and provide training and support which will enable each unit to produce a wide range of education and information materials to support species conservation.

Operation

Four partner organisations were involved: Co-ordination Unit for Rehabilitation of the Environment (CURE) Malawi; AGENDA Tanzania; Uganda Wildlife Society (formerly EAWLS); and the Wildlife and Environmental Conservation Society of Zambia). Training of the DPU operators took place both in the UK and through visits to the host countries by ICCE staff The necessary equipment was installed and training given to establish a fully operational DPU for each country. There have been some difficulties concerning maintenance and compatibility of computer equipment and there were staffing problems due to illness and movement of trained staff into other posts. However, the project has achieved a good deal including a large number of publications.

Impact

Publications produced by the four Units are commendable. A good deal of thought has obviously gone into the content and design of many of the leaflets and booklets to ensure that they are appropriate for the user. However, it is clear that the different Units have met with varying degrees of success, in part related to the level of resources and support available in-country. The Uganda Wildlife Society DPU have produced some impressive biodiversity-related material appears to have been particularly successful. The organisation was producing newsletters and other educational material before the start of the project but the provision of an in-house publishing unit appears to have greatly improved their outputs.

Sustainability

Continuation of the Units will depend on their ability to attract further funding. Of the four groups, only the Uganda Wildlife Society DPU shows strong indications of further financial support. The other three Units appear to be less attractive to donors and the National Parks Departments within these countries are struggling with acute shortage of funds. The commitment of ICCE, which is evident from their continued efforts to support the Units and source additional funds, may improve the situation.

Contact

Mr M Boulton, ICCE

162/07/027

The role of fruit bats in maintaining biodiversity in Madagascar

Context

Fruit bats are the most important seed dispersers into cleared areas of forest. Many fruit trees have coevolved with bats and depend on them for pollination. All three species of Malagasy fruit bats are endemic and are likely to be important in pollination and seed dispersal but have been neglected in research and conservation efforts, and their numbers are decreasing as a result of habitat loss and hunting. The Environmental Action Plan for Madagascar calls for studies on the status of endemic species, and for the production of Management Plans for these species. The project aimed to carry out studies on the status, foraging ecology, and susceptibility to hunting of the three endemic species, and to produce Management Plans

Objectives

To undertake a country-wide survey of the main Malagasy fruit bat colonies integrated with a programme of public education. To produce a computerised database of bat roost locations and size. To produce a national action plan for Malagasy fruit bats and individual action plans for each of the three endemic species. To train staff and students of the Universities of Antananarivo and Tulear, the botanic garden and zoological park in Antananarivo and the Libanona Ecology Centre, Fort Dauphin.

Operation

High quality training in ecological techniques was provided to a large number of Malagasy graduate biology students through close collaboration between Project staff and local universities. Project staff supervised ten DEA students (equivalent to taught Masters) during their research project work, training students in research planning, field work techniques, data analysis and report writing. Further training was provided to other local academic staff, students and a wide range of NGO and government agency personnel, and to two full time field work assistants. The main research activities included studies of the feeding ecology and foraging range of the three species, and a country-wide survey of bat roots to establish the status of the species. The Project also took part in a broad range of dissemination activities, using their field work as an opportunity to involve and inform local communities in the conservation of fruit bats.

Impact

The Project has produced a National Action Plan for the conservation of fruit bats which will be widely distributed among interested parties, both governmental and NGO. The Plan has been discussed with the Ministry of Waters and Forests, who have agreed to apply for changed IUCN protected status of Pteropus and Eidolon, and then to apply for changes to Malagasy law in the status of Rousettus and Eidolon from 'Game' species to 'Protected' species. Furthermore, discussions between the Project and the Ministry of Waters and Forests, ANGAP, and the National Office for the Environment, have led to the consideration of a new category under Malagasy law - 'Managed Species' - for Pteropus. This would allow local communities to take responsibility for their roosts, with hunting quotas agreed with the relevant authorities. These quotas could be used by local communities, or sold to visiting hunters, resulting in the generation of income for local communities and therefore motivating effective local management.

Sustainability

There has been close collaboration between Project personnel and host country institutions, NGOs and individuals. WWF has signed an MOU with the University of Aberdeen stating that they will encourage bat-related research in their training programmes. The establishment of a Malagasy Bat Conservation Association by the Darwin trainees, and the production of an action plan in collaboration with the Ministry of Eaux et Forêts, will also help to ensure that some of the research is continued.

Contact

Professor P A Racey, University of Aberdeen

162/07/040

Biodiversity of butterflies in tropical rainforests of Sabah, Borneo

Context

The state of Sabah, northern Borneo, is a poor but biologically diverse region. The forestry sector is very important to the economy, and most forest in the state has been licensed to be selectively logged at intervals of about 35 years. Borneo has CBD obligations to balance the benefits to the community of development and resource exploitation, against any resulting impacts upon biodiversity. In order to achieve this, local foresters and conservation agencies have identified an urgent need to develop the knowledge and skills necessary to investigate the long-term impacts of this logging on biodiversity. This Darwin Project studied the impacts of selective logging on an indicator group of species - butterflies, a useful indicator group as they are highly sensitive, and respond rapidly, to perturbations of their habitats.

Objectives

To carry out comprehensive quantitative inventories of butterfly species in unlogged protected forest and forest selectively logged at a series of known times; to evaluate short and longer term changes to rainforest butterfly communities following selective commercial logging; to describe concurrent changes in forest vegetation structure, microclimate and plant diversity; to elucidate the causal mechanisms of changes in butterfly biodiversity; to determine appropriate management responses to changes in forest structural, floral and faunal characteristics following selective logging; to train local forestry researchers and conservation biologists in the application of these techniques and to generate local expertise in butterfly taxonomy, field surveying and identification skills; to provide instruction methods of gathering and analysing ecological data and the management of large biodiversity databases; to establish a protocol for data gathering, analysis and interpretation; to provide an educational resource.

Operation

The main activity of the Project was to study butterfly community composition in undisturbed forest, and in forest that was selectively logged at a known date some years previously. Differences in the communities were related to differences in vegetation structure and composition and the likely impacts of these differences to the conservation status of butterflies in Borneo were assessed. It was found that selective logging is likely to negatively impact some endemic species with restricted distributions, but the most important finding of the research was that diverse butterfly communities are supported within selectively logged forest. This suggests that such forests represent an important resource for the continued conservation of biological resources in Sabah.

Impact

The Project has carried out detailed research on the ecology of butterflies in Sabah, that should inform the current debate within the State about the future management of selectively logged forest, although it is not clear how much influence this research will wield in the argument. The project has strengthened links within Sabah, between the Universiti Malaysia Sabah and the Forest Research Centre Sabah and developed a lasting partnership between Sabah and the UK. It has also added to the published literature on biodiversity within Sabah, created reference collections of butterflies and was involved in supporting the establishment of the new Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation at the Universiti Malaysia Sabah, which will substantially increase the profile and status of biodiversity in Sabah.

Sustainability

The 4 Darwin Fellows who achieved postgraduate degrees are now employed within the conservation and education sector and are likely to make substantial contributions during their careers. A proposal to develop 'Molecular tools for promoting biodiversity in rainforest fragments of Borneo', partly based on their experience and findings during this project, was developed by UK and local project staff and accepted for 9th Round Darwin funding

Contact

Dr KC Hamer, University of Leeds

162/07/078

Threatened flora of Galapagos: a scientific basis for conservation

Context

There had been no review